Basic prerequisites for the technological breakthrough of the USSR

Abstract

Importance: to examine the processes and factors that contributed to the technological breakthrough of the Soviet Union in the 20th century, including institutional reforms, science and technology policy, the impact of wars and international co-operation. Purpose: to analyse the key preconditions that contributed to the technological breakthrough of the Soviet Union and to assess their impact on the economic and technological development of the country. Research design: the article uses a systematic approach, including the analysis of historical documents, archival materials, statistical data and scientific publications. The study covers the period from the early 20th century to the mid-1980s and includes a comparative analysis of various factors such as institutional reforms, science and technology policy, military actions and international cooperation. Results: the author identifies key factors such as planned economy, industrialisation, collectivisation and international cooperation that contributed to the USSR’s technological breakthrough. The study shows that an integrated approach to institutional reforms and science and technology policy enabled the USSR to make significant advances in various fields of science and technology, with long-term implications for the country’s economic and technological development. The results emphasise the importance of centralised planning and the concentration of resources on priority areas to achieve scientific and technologi cal progress.