Cooperative effects in ion-exchange chromatography
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17308/sorpchrom.2026.26/13905Keywords:
ion-exchange, ion chromatography, mixed mode retention mechanism, multipoint interactions, cooperative effects.Abstract
Typically, a simplified model of ion-exchange equilibrium in liquid chromatography considers only electrostatic interactions as the retention mechanism. However, in practice, the possibility of multipoint interactions between sorbate and sorbents should be accounted for retention and separation of bulky and multi charge ions and organic molecules as well as for zwitter ions. These interactions may results in, so called, cooperative effects, which significantly influence separation selectivity and must be taken into account during optimization of chromatographic separation.
The literature data reported on non-standard retention regularities of complex ions, predominantly organic ones, containing two identical or oppositely charged functional groups in ions, as well as hydrophobic fragments are reviewed. The various options for the combination of electrostatic and secondary hydrophobic or π-π interactions are considered.
The analysis of known and investigation of new combined or cooperative effects expands our understanding of the multipoint interactions in the retention of ions and charged molecules. It provides additional important information on surface chemistry, the distribution of charges on the surface, the degree of matrix coating and the accessibility of the hydrophobic matrix for interaction with organic ions. Some examples of the use of various cooperative effects to enhance separation selectivity in ion chromatography are provided.
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