Selection of conditions for the separation of lecithin phospholipids in a thin layer of sorbent
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17308/sorpchrom.2026.26/13906Keywords:
соевый лецитин, фосфолипиды, тонкослойная хроматографияAbstract
In this work, we study the features of the separation and determination of phospholipids (PL) included in the phospholipid complexes (PLC) of lecithins using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Phospholipids are amphiphilic molecules containing a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails, which determines their ability to form bilayer structures and determines their chromatographic behavior. The chromatographic mobility of PL was studied depending on the composition of the mobile phase. Primary attention is paid to the resolution of chromatographic zones and the efficiency of the sorbent layer when choosing the conditions for the chromatographic separation of lipids. Optimization of the eluent composition, including a study of the chromatographic mobility of phospholipids in the composition of lecithins, was carried out through a detailed study of the influence of various components of the mobile phase. During the study, the following were varied: dispersion interactions using haloalkanes, proton-donor properties through alkanols, acidic additives with different acidity constants, as well as the polarity and donor-acceptor properties of solvents. It has been established that the chromatographic behavior of phospholipids is largely determined by the polarity of the mobile phase and the ability of eluent components to form hydrogen bonds with the polar groups of the analytes. The introduction of formic acid into the eluent suppresses the dissociation of silanol groups on the silica gel surface, which reduces undesirable electrostatic interactions and prevents the blurring of chromatographic zones. Replacing acetic acid with formic acid improves the separation of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, which is explained by the lower pKa value of formic acid and, consequently, more effective suppression of the dissociation of ionogenic groups. A study of the chromatographic mobility of phospholipids depending on the ratio of mobile phase components revealed that effective separation is achieved using a chloroform-ethanol-formic acid mixture in a ratio of 20:10:2. Under these conditions, clear separation of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and other components of the phospholipid complex is achieved. The results obtained allow us to recommend the developed conditions for the quantitative analysis of phospholipids in vegetable oil derivatives and other samples containing phospholipid complexes. The method is accessible, reproducible, and can be used in laboratory practice for quality control of lecithins.
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