Physicochemical properties and sorption capacity of biochars from sewage sludge and magnetic composite materials biochar/ZnFe₂O₄
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17308/sorpchrom.2026.26/14176Keywords:
sewage sludge, pyrolysis, biochar, composite, zinc ferrite, sorption, copper ions, water purification, mag-netic separationAbstract
Biochar samples U400, U500, and U600 were obtained by pyrolysis of sewage sludge at temperatures of 400, 500, and 600°C, as well as magnetic composites containing 16 wt. % zinc ferrite nanoparticles. The chemical composition and physicochemical properties of the samples were characterized by X-ray spectral analysis and IR spectroscopy. The chemical composition of sewage sludge and biochar samples is determined primarily by carbon and oxygen, as well as impurities of Si, Ca, Al, P, Fe, S, K, and Mg. With increasing pyrolysis temperature, the bulk density of biochars decreases from 0.73 (U400) to 0.68 (U600) g/cm³, while the specific volume increases, which is due to the formation of a porous structure of the samples and an increase in their specific surface area. The sorption capacity of the samples was studied in aqueous solutions of 0.005–0.075 N CuSO₄ at a sorbent/solution ratio of 1:100 and t=20°C. Sorption equilibrium was established within 40-80 min for biochar samples and about 80–120 min for zinc ferrite and composite samples. The highest sorption capacity for copper ions was exhibited by zinc ferrite samples (167.2 mg/g) and the U600-F composite (137.2 mg/g), while the capacity of biochars was 2–9 times lower. It was shown that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model satisfactorily describes the sorption process and indicates a decrease in the process rate for samples synthesized at higher temperatures. A significant increase in sorbent capacity and an increase in the sorption process rate were found upon introduction of zinc ferrite nanoparticles into biochar-based composites. It was revealed that the Langmuir model describes the sorption isotherms of copper ions by the studied biochar samples and composites based on them more adequately than the Freundlich model. Using the U600-F composite sorbent and zinc ferrite, the degree of water purification from copper ions was 73–82% and reached ~100% with an increase in the amount of sorbent introduced. Regeneration with HCl solution does not restore the sorption capacity of the chars and composites, which decreases upon repeated use. The action of an external magnetic field makes it possible to successfully separate composite sorbents from the liquid phase for subsequent use.
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