Chromato-mass-spectrometric investigation of accumulation features and component composition of essential oil in medicinal plants from different ecotopes of Rostov region
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17308/sorpchrom.2026.26/14187Keywords:
Rostov region, Achillea millefolium L., Artemisia absinthium L., essential oils, chromato-mass-spectrometryAbstract
The biosynthesis and accumulation of biologically active compounds in plants represent a complex physiological and biochemical process significantly influenced by exogenous factors, including anthropogenic impact. Modern research indicates the dual role of ecotoxicants, which can both inhibit and stimulate the formation pathways of secondary metabolites. The conducted literature review confirms the need for comprehensive consideration of phenological, climatic, and anthropogenic factors when planning the harvesting of essential oil medicinal plant raw materials. The study aimed to investigate the features of the qualitative and quantitative composition of essential oils in the herbs of Achillea millefolium L. and Artemisia absinthium L. harvested in different ecotopes of Rostov region. Quantitative assessment of essential oil content in the samples was carried out according to the State Pharmacopoeia. The investigation of the component profile of essential oils was performed using an Agilent Technologies 7890B GC System chromatography-mass spectrometry complex equipped with an Agilent Technologies 5977A MSD mass-selective detector. In all studied plant material samples, the essential oil content met the pharmacopoeial quality criteria. The quantitative indicators of essential oil yield demonstrated variability: for Achillea millefolium L., the values ranged from 0.17–0.43%, while for Artemisia absinthium L., they ranged from 0.21–0.44%. Polychromism of the obtained extracts was also observed, reflecting differences in their qualitative characteristics. As a result of the chromato-mass-spectrometric study, a complex chemical composition was established: in the essential oil of Achillea millefolium L. growing in synanthropic conditions of Rostov region, 37 individual compounds were identified, while in Artemisia absinthium L. oil, 51 substances were detected. A significant eco-dependent variability in the component composition of essential oils was established: under conditions of anthropogenic transformation of the habitat, an increase in the sesquiterpenoid fraction in the essential oil composition was noted. This biochemical shift may be due to changes in soil acidity at the collection sites, which activates the acetate-mevalonate pathway of secondary metabolite biosynthesis. A comparative analysis with data from Voronezh region confirmed the hypothesis of a significant influence of regional soil-climatic and environmental factors on the biosynthesis intensity and qualitative composition of essential oils of the studied species.
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