Территория как вопрос метафизики: философский подход к определению территориального суверенитета в международном праве
Ключевые слова:
территория, пространственно-временной, сила, метафизика, Карл Поппер, границы
Аннотация
В связи с тем, что современное международное право имеет постоянную склонность к детерриториализации, настоящая работа ставит своей целью внести вклад в новое толкование концепции территории путём использования междисциплинарного философско-правового подхода. Во-первых, в работе будут продемонстрированы аргументы в пользу необходимости формирования нового представления о территории, основанного, в первую очередь, на природных, политических и правовых факторах. Далее, в статье будут рассмотрены разные подходы к определению территории с целью выделить основные онтологические компоненты, необходимые для построения концепции территории с точки зрения метафизики по аналогии с моделью категориальной структуры метафизики Карла Поппера. В заключении будут представлены современные правовые вопросы, на примере которых будет проверена жизнеспособность выведенного философского анализа, а также отслежен его потенциальный вклад в решение юридических проблем, связанных с территориальными вопросами в межгосударственных отношениях, с которыми сталкиваются юристы-международники.
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Литература
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5. Enrico Milano, ‘The Deterritorialization of International Law’ (2013) 2 European Society of International Law | Société Européenne de Droit Iinternational 2–6.
6. Eyal Weizman, Hollow Land: Israel’s Architecture of Occupation (Verso Books 2007) 179–181.
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8. Обзор общепринятого подхода к определению территории в международном праве см.: Malcolm N Shaw, ‘Territory in International Law’ (1982) 13 Netherlands Yearbook of International Law.
9. John Agnew, ‘The Territorial Trap: The Geographical Assumptions of International Relations Theory’ (1994) 1 Review of International Political Economy 53, 55.
10. Mark Tebbit, Philosophy of Law: An Introduction (3rd edn, Routledge 2017) 23.
11. David Garland, ‘What Is a “History of the Present”? On Foucault’s Genealogies and Their Critical Preconditions’ (2014) 16 Punishment & Society 372.
12. Andrea Bianchi, International Law Theories: An Inquiry into Different Ways of Thinking (Oxford University Press 2016) 139f.
13. Enrico Milano, Unlawful Territorial Situations in International Law: Reconciling Effectiveness, Legality and Legitimacy (Nijhoff 2006) 66–70.
14. Tamar Meisels, Territorial Rights (2nd edn, Springer Netherlands 2009) 6f.
15. Margaret Moore, A Political Theory of Territory (Oxford University Press 2015) 15, 164f.
16. John Agnew, Globalization and Sovereignty: Beyond the Territorial Trap (Rowman & Littlefield 2017) 9.
17. Luigi Nuzzo, ‘Territory, Sovereignty, and the Construction of the Colonial Space’ in Martti Koskenniemi, Walter Rech and Fonseca Manuel Jiménez (eds), International Law and Empire: Historical Explorations (Oxford University Press 2017) 267.
18. Magnus Ryan, ‘Bartolus of Sassoferrato and Free Cities. The Alexander Prize Lecture’ (2000) 10 Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 65, 66,69.
19. Jean Bodin, Les Six Liures de la Republique (A Paris : Chez Iacques du Puys, libraire iuré, à la Samaritaine 1577) 89.
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21. Stuart Elden, The Birth of Territory (The University of Chicago Press 2013) 291f.
22. Anne Peters, ‘Humanity as the A and Ω of Sovereignty’ (2009) 20 European Journal of International Law 515f.
23. Karl R Popper, ‘Three Worlds’ in Sterling M McMurrin (ed), The Tanner Lectures on Human Values (Cambridge University Press 2011) 144.
24. Derek A Kelly, ‘The Categorical Structure of Popper’s Metaphysics’ (1977) 38 Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 82, 83.
25. Jakub Karpiński, ‘Culture and the Plurality of Worlds (Three Worlds Distinguished by Karl Popper)’ [1979] The Polish Sociological Bulletin 19, 20,22.
26. Eugene A Nida, ‘Analysis of Meaning and Dictionary Making’ (1958) 24 International Journal of American Linguistics 279, 286.
27. Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space (Donald Nicholson-Smith tr, Reprint, Blackwell 1991) 27–29.
28. Jeremy W. Crampton, ‘Space, Territory, Geography’ in Christopher Falzon, Timothy O’Leary and Jana Sawicki (eds), A companion to Foucault (Wiley-Blackwell 2013) 384f.
29. Сравните эти выводы с генеалогическим подходом Стюарта Элдена: Elden (n 22) 220.
30. Qatar/Bahrain [2001] ICJ Reports 2001 40, 111f, paras. 204,205,207.
31. Qatar/Bahrain, Joint dissenting opinion of Judges Bedjaoui, Ranjeva and Koroma [2001] ICJ Reports 2001 40, 208f, para. 198.
32. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (1833 UNTS 3), Art 13, 121. Qatar/Bahrain, Joint dissenting opinion of Judges Bedjaoui, Ranjeva and Koroma (n 46) 208f, paras. 197f. The South China Sea Arbitration (The Republic of Philippines/The People’s Republic of China) [2016] PCA 131, para. 305.
33. Tara Davenport, ‘Island-Building in the South China Sea: Legality and Limits’ (2018) 8 Asian Journal of International Law 76, 83–87.
34. W Lakhtine, ‘Rights over the Arctic’ (1930) 24 The American Journal of International Law 703.
35. Donat Pharand, Canada’s Arctic Waters in International Law (Cambridge University Press 1988) 8.
36. Paul Arthur Berkman, Alexander N Vylegzhanin and Oran R Young, Baseline of Russian Arctic Laws (Springer International Publishing 2019) ix.
37. United States/Escamilla [1972] United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit 467 F. 2d 341. Аналогичным образом в отношении нестабильного характера льда см. решение Парламента Италии об утверждении понятие перемещающихся границ (confini mobili) с целью, чтобы решить вопрос демаркации северных границ Италии с соседними странами, проходящими через альпийские ледники: Ratifica ed esecuzione dello Scambio di Note tra la Repubblica italiana e la Confederazione svizzera relativo ai confini «mobili» sulla linea di cresta o displuviale, effettuato a Roma il 23 e il 26 maggio 2008 Presentato il 13 febbraio 2009 2009 [2208].
38. Jenny Grote Stoutenburg, Disappearing Island States in International Law (Brill Nijhoff 2015) 18, note 24.
39. James R Crawford, The Creation of States in International Law (Oxford University Press 2007) 717.
40. Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina/Serbia and Montenegro), Preliminary Objections, Judgment [1996] ICJ Reports 1996 595, 612, para 23.
41. Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina/Serbia and Montenegro), Separate Opinion of Judge Weeramantry [1996] ICJ Reports 1996 640, 641.
42. Antonello Tancredi, ‘Secession and Use of Force’ in Christian Walter, Antje von Ungern-Sternberg and Kavus Abushov (eds), Self-determination and Secession in International Law (Oxford University Press 2014) 70f.
43. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, Tadić (IT-94-1) Trial Judgement, Opinion and Judgment, 7 May 1997, at 193f, para. 562.
44. Bankovic/Belgium et al (Application no 52207/99) Court (Grand Chamber) [2001] ECtHR 16, paras. 59-60.
45. Thomas J Sigler, ‘Panama as Palimpsest: The Reformulation of the “Transit Corridor” in a Global Economy’ (2014) 38 International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 886, 887f.
2. Daniel-Erasmus Khan, ‘Territory and Boundaries’ in Bardo Fassbender, Anne Peters and Simone Peter (eds), The Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law (1st edn, Oxford University Press 2012) 225.
3. Question of Palestine, UN Doc., A/43/177 1988. ; Permanent sovereignty of the Palestinian people in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and of the Arab population in the occupied Syrian Golan over their natural resources, UN Doc., A/73/546 2018. ; Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States 1933 (165 LNTS 19), Art. 1.
4. Tilley, 'After Oslo, a Paradigm Shift? Redefining ‘Peoples’, Sovereignty and Justice in Israel-Palestine', 15 Conflict, Security & Development (2015) 425, at 5f.
5. Enrico Milano, ‘The Deterritorialization of International Law’ (2013) 2 European Society of International Law | Société Européenne de Droit Iinternational 2–6.
6. Eyal Weizman, Hollow Land: Israel’s Architecture of Occupation (Verso Books 2007) 179–181.
7. Burkett Maxine, ‘The Nation Ex-Situ: On Climate Change, Deterritorialized Nationhood and the Post-Climate Era’ [2011] Climate Law.
8. Обзор общепринятого подхода к определению территории в международном праве см.: Malcolm N Shaw, ‘Territory in International Law’ (1982) 13 Netherlands Yearbook of International Law.
9. John Agnew, ‘The Territorial Trap: The Geographical Assumptions of International Relations Theory’ (1994) 1 Review of International Political Economy 53, 55.
10. Mark Tebbit, Philosophy of Law: An Introduction (3rd edn, Routledge 2017) 23.
11. David Garland, ‘What Is a “History of the Present”? On Foucault’s Genealogies and Their Critical Preconditions’ (2014) 16 Punishment & Society 372.
12. Andrea Bianchi, International Law Theories: An Inquiry into Different Ways of Thinking (Oxford University Press 2016) 139f.
13. Enrico Milano, Unlawful Territorial Situations in International Law: Reconciling Effectiveness, Legality and Legitimacy (Nijhoff 2006) 66–70.
14. Tamar Meisels, Territorial Rights (2nd edn, Springer Netherlands 2009) 6f.
15. Margaret Moore, A Political Theory of Territory (Oxford University Press 2015) 15, 164f.
16. John Agnew, Globalization and Sovereignty: Beyond the Territorial Trap (Rowman & Littlefield 2017) 9.
17. Luigi Nuzzo, ‘Territory, Sovereignty, and the Construction of the Colonial Space’ in Martti Koskenniemi, Walter Rech and Fonseca Manuel Jiménez (eds), International Law and Empire: Historical Explorations (Oxford University Press 2017) 267.
18. Magnus Ryan, ‘Bartolus of Sassoferrato and Free Cities. The Alexander Prize Lecture’ (2000) 10 Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 65, 66,69.
19. Jean Bodin, Les Six Liures de la Republique (A Paris : Chez Iacques du Puys, libraire iuré, à la Samaritaine 1577) 89.
20. René Descartes, A Discourse on Method (Ernest Rhys ed, JM Dent & sons, Limited 1916) 29f; David Fate Norton and Mary J. Norton (eds), David Hume: A Treatise of Human Nature, vol I (Oxford University Press 2007) 26f.
21. Stuart Elden, The Birth of Territory (The University of Chicago Press 2013) 291f.
22. Anne Peters, ‘Humanity as the A and Ω of Sovereignty’ (2009) 20 European Journal of International Law 515f.
23. Karl R Popper, ‘Three Worlds’ in Sterling M McMurrin (ed), The Tanner Lectures on Human Values (Cambridge University Press 2011) 144.
24. Derek A Kelly, ‘The Categorical Structure of Popper’s Metaphysics’ (1977) 38 Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 82, 83.
25. Jakub Karpiński, ‘Culture and the Plurality of Worlds (Three Worlds Distinguished by Karl Popper)’ [1979] The Polish Sociological Bulletin 19, 20,22.
26. Eugene A Nida, ‘Analysis of Meaning and Dictionary Making’ (1958) 24 International Journal of American Linguistics 279, 286.
27. Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space (Donald Nicholson-Smith tr, Reprint, Blackwell 1991) 27–29.
28. Jeremy W. Crampton, ‘Space, Territory, Geography’ in Christopher Falzon, Timothy O’Leary and Jana Sawicki (eds), A companion to Foucault (Wiley-Blackwell 2013) 384f.
29. Сравните эти выводы с генеалогическим подходом Стюарта Элдена: Elden (n 22) 220.
30. Qatar/Bahrain [2001] ICJ Reports 2001 40, 111f, paras. 204,205,207.
31. Qatar/Bahrain, Joint dissenting opinion of Judges Bedjaoui, Ranjeva and Koroma [2001] ICJ Reports 2001 40, 208f, para. 198.
32. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (1833 UNTS 3), Art 13, 121. Qatar/Bahrain, Joint dissenting opinion of Judges Bedjaoui, Ranjeva and Koroma (n 46) 208f, paras. 197f. The South China Sea Arbitration (The Republic of Philippines/The People’s Republic of China) [2016] PCA 131, para. 305.
33. Tara Davenport, ‘Island-Building in the South China Sea: Legality and Limits’ (2018) 8 Asian Journal of International Law 76, 83–87.
34. W Lakhtine, ‘Rights over the Arctic’ (1930) 24 The American Journal of International Law 703.
35. Donat Pharand, Canada’s Arctic Waters in International Law (Cambridge University Press 1988) 8.
36. Paul Arthur Berkman, Alexander N Vylegzhanin and Oran R Young, Baseline of Russian Arctic Laws (Springer International Publishing 2019) ix.
37. United States/Escamilla [1972] United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit 467 F. 2d 341. Аналогичным образом в отношении нестабильного характера льда см. решение Парламента Италии об утверждении понятие перемещающихся границ (confini mobili) с целью, чтобы решить вопрос демаркации северных границ Италии с соседними странами, проходящими через альпийские ледники: Ratifica ed esecuzione dello Scambio di Note tra la Repubblica italiana e la Confederazione svizzera relativo ai confini «mobili» sulla linea di cresta o displuviale, effettuato a Roma il 23 e il 26 maggio 2008 Presentato il 13 febbraio 2009 2009 [2208].
38. Jenny Grote Stoutenburg, Disappearing Island States in International Law (Brill Nijhoff 2015) 18, note 24.
39. James R Crawford, The Creation of States in International Law (Oxford University Press 2007) 717.
40. Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina/Serbia and Montenegro), Preliminary Objections, Judgment [1996] ICJ Reports 1996 595, 612, para 23.
41. Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina/Serbia and Montenegro), Separate Opinion of Judge Weeramantry [1996] ICJ Reports 1996 640, 641.
42. Antonello Tancredi, ‘Secession and Use of Force’ in Christian Walter, Antje von Ungern-Sternberg and Kavus Abushov (eds), Self-determination and Secession in International Law (Oxford University Press 2014) 70f.
43. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, Tadić (IT-94-1) Trial Judgement, Opinion and Judgment, 7 May 1997, at 193f, para. 562.
44. Bankovic/Belgium et al (Application no 52207/99) Court (Grand Chamber) [2001] ECtHR 16, paras. 59-60.
45. Thomas J Sigler, ‘Panama as Palimpsest: The Reformulation of the “Transit Corridor” in a Global Economy’ (2014) 38 International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 886, 887f.
Опубликован
2020-07-27
Выпуск
Раздел
Международное и европейское право
