Эволюция бокситонакопления в фанерозое
Ключевые слова:
эволюция, бокситы, кора выветривания, латериты, гиббсит, бемит, диаспор
Аннотация
Введение: Бокситы являются основным сырьѐм для получения алюминия. Они связаны с формацией коры выветривания (ФКВ) и представлены латеритами, а также коллювиальными, делювиально-пролювиальными, карстовыми, аллювиальными и озерно-болотными образованиями. Различным аспектам геологии бокситов посвящены сотни публикаций многих авторов, в том числе по эволюции бокситонакопления. В этих работах были выделены различные эпохи бокситонакопления, и преобладал актуалистический подход («настоящее – ключ к прошлому»). Однако признание эволюции требует рассмотрения специфики каждой из эпох в зависимости от смен тектонических режимов и климатов, а также влияния органики на выветривание. Эти аспекты рассмотрены в статье. Методика и объѐмы работ: Основными методами исследований были сравнительно-литологический и историко-геологический. Большое внимание уделялось перерывам в осадконакоплении, когда могли формироваться латеритные КВ. Такие времена отвечают эпохам бокситообразования. Необходимо было выявление особенностей каждой для установления эволюции бокситонакопления в фанерозое. При написании настоящей статьи авторы опирались на фактический материал из трехтомника «Историческая минерагения» [1] и монографии [2]. Между тем мировая минерагения стремительно обновляет свою фактологическую базу. Поэтому по возможности использованы материалы из различных источников по состоянию на 2021 год, включающих данные по многочисленным месторождениям бокситоносной ФКВ Мира. Результаты исследований и их обсуждение: Первые бокситы фанерозоя появились в раннем кембрии в единичных участках складчатых поясов при их пенепленизации. В эйфельском веке образовались промышленные месторождения высокого качества на Северном Урале. Во франское время бокситонакопление расширилось на территорию Среднего Тимана. Количество известных девонских месторождений не превышают двух десятков, а их общие запасы составляют порядка одного млрд тонн. В раннекаменноугольное время бокситонакопление сместилось на докембрийские платформы Северного полушария, а в их пределах – в периферийные части угленосных бассейнов. Оно продолжалось в среднем карбоне на Китайской и Северо-Американской платформах, а на территории Кореи вплоть до ранней Перми. Формирование бокситов происходило в латеритную, диагенетическую и эпигенетическую стадии; в последнюю в случаях перекрытия бокситов угленосными отложениями. Активное участие в выветривании принимала органика с образованием бактериальных биоморфоз. Резко возросло количество месторождений (сотни) и увеличились их общие запасы до 4 млрд тонн. Месторождения мезозойских бокситов тяготеют к складчатым поясам, а в их пределах к эпигерцинским и эпикиммерийским молодым платформам Северного полушария. Преобладает карстовый тип бокситов. Они имеют гиббсит-бемитовый состав у плат форменных разновидностей и диаспор-бемитовый в подвергшихся складчатости участках. На докембрийских платформах преобладали низменные обводненные ландшафты с теплым гумидным климатом и каолиновыми КВ. Насчитывается более 1000 месторождений мезозойских бокситов, однако, большинство из них мелкие, хотя качество сырья высокое. Общие запасы глинозема мезозойских бокситов (3.3 млрд тонн) несколько меньше палеозойских, но месторождений больше. Бокситонакопление в кайнозое приняло грандиозные масштабы. Это связано с расширением площадей выравненной суши с тропическим климатом, относительно высоким стоянием материков, их дроблением и увеличением прибрежных территорий с большим количеством осадков, обилием органики. Всѐ это привело к образованию мощных латеритных кор выветривания со многими крупными и суперкрупными месторождениями бокситов. Заметная доля в общих запасах приходится на месторождения островных дуг, но основные сосредоточены на материках бывшей Гондваны, особенно в Западной Африке и северо-востоке Южной Америки. При этом формировались латеритный, латеритно-осадочный и карстовый типы КВ гиббситового и бемит-гиббситового состава. Заключение: В целом же в течение фанерозоя эволюция бокситонакопления имела пульсационно-направленный тренд, выраженный в неравномерном увеличении площадей и запасов этого вида сырья со временем.
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Опубликован
2022-03-28
Как цитировать
Савко, А. Д., & Овчинникова, М. Ю. (2022). Эволюция бокситонакопления в фанерозое. Вестник ВГУ. Серия: Геология, (1), 4-33. https://doi.org/10.17308/geology.2022.1/9096
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Раздел
Общая и региональная геология
