Минерагения кор выветривания. Сообщение второе: руды никеля и кобальта, золота, редких металлов
Ключевые слова:
Кора выветривания, никель и кобальт, золото, редкие металлы
Аннотация
Введение: в корах выветривания (КВ) Мира сосредоточены порядка 80 % силикатного никеля, около 10 % кобальта, 1 % золота и не менее 10‒15 % редких металлов (РМ). Запасы последних в КВ считаются суммарно с запасами в материнских породах, поэтому отдельно по каждому из них пока точных данных нет, а приведенная цифра является приблизительной. Необходимым условием аккумуляций металлов является наличие полезного компонента в материнской породе. В ней указанных выше металлов от сотых долей до 1‒2 % и более процентов.
Методика исследований и фактический материал приведены в сообщении 1 [1].
Результаты и обсуждение: месторождения силикатных Ni и Co в КВ на альпинотипных ультраосновных породах, появились только в мезозое. Они сформировались в эпохи мощного корообразования с возрастами поздний триас-ранняя юра и ранний мел. Мезозойские КВ содержат незначительные запасы руд Ni и Co. Они сосредоточены преимущественно на территории России в пределах Урала и в Казахстане. Основная часть Ni приурочена к зоне нонтронитовых глин и нижней части зоны охр КВ. Более 80 % запасов силикатного никеля связаны с латеритами кайнозоя. Они широко развиты на территориях стран с тропическим климатом. Наиболее качественных руды тяготеют к зонам дезинтегрированных серпентинитов и сапролитов. т. Самые богатые залежи фиксируются на пологих склонах и в седловинах горных отрогов. Первые редкие аккумуляции золота в КВ известны в палеозое. В мезозое количество месторождений этого металла резко возросло. В них золото могло накапливаться по всему профилю выветривания, но наибольшие содержания приурочены к иллит-каолинитовым глинам зоны гидролиза. Основное же количество месторождений и запасов металла сосредоточено в латеритных КВ кайнозоя тропических стран. Оно концентрируется в сапролите, литомарж и кирасе латерита, а наибольшие его содержания тяготеют к верхней части профиля выветривания. Золото может накапливаться при формировании бокситов при наличии его в материнских породах. В КВ и образованиях их ближайшего сноса сосредоточены крупные запасы РМ. Их носителями в материнских породах чаще всего являются минералы карбонатитов, пегматитов и гранитов. Среди редких металлов в КВ концентрируются тантал и ниобий в виде самостоятельных минералов, галлий в бокситах, редкоземельные элементы как в составе минералов, так и «ионных руд». Металлы сорбированы глинистыми минералами. В КВ редкоземельные элементы сосредоточены в остаточных минералах-носителях (монацит, циркон, ортит, ксенотим и другие), а также в «ионных» рудах глинистого элювия. Мощные КВ с РМ образовались уже в палеозое на карбонатитах (Восточная Сибирь). В мезозое появились КВ с ионными рудами на гранитоидах (Китай). Для кайнозоя характерны латеритные КВ в тропических странах с многочисленными в них месторождениях РМ.
Заключение: на формировании месторождений КВ рассмотренных металлов сказалась эволюция корообразования и связанного с ним рудогенеза во времени. Особое значение имел выход растительности на сушу в девоне, следствием чего была резкая интенсификация процессов выветривания и образование гипергенных месторождений. Наиболее масштабные скопления рассмотренных металлов приурочены к кайнозою.
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Литература
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Опубликован
2024-12-27
Как цитировать
Савко, А. Д., & Овчинникова, М. Ю. (2024). Минерагения кор выветривания. Сообщение второе: руды никеля и кобальта, золота, редких металлов. Вестник ВГУ. Серия: Геология, (4), 74-102. https://doi.org/10.17308/geology/1609-0691/2024/4/74-102
Раздел
Геология, поиски и разведка твердых полезные ископаемых, минерагения
