Endogenic processes and oregenesis related to them in the phanerozoic of the Voronezh Anteclise
Abstract
Introduction: The formation and tectonic changes in the structure of the Voronezh anteclise were accompanied by endogenous processes. Their influence was recorded by the presence of volcanic rocks and associated placers of Ti, Cu, Pb, Zn sulphides, intermetallic compounds, diamonds and their satellite minerals in the sedimentary cover. Methodology: Maps for various purposes, including geological, facies, and mineralogical were complied. A description of transparent polished sections and thin sections was carried out. The preparations were studied using a binocular microscope and electron microscopy analysis (Jeol 6380LV electron microscope). For the determination of the elemental composition, a local X-ray spectral analysis (OXFORD INS system) and semi-quantitative spectral analysis were used. The mineral composition was studied using an ARL X'TRA powder X-ray diffractometer. Results and discussion: Endogenous mineralization is usually developed in the zones of Phanerozoic activation, linear areas in which tectonic processes along deep faults are manifested, through which the connection with crustal and mantle sources took place. The continuity of the rocks is impaired in these zones, and they become permeable to magmas, hydrothermal processes, and exhalations. Six epochs of the manifestation of such processes are distinguished: 1 - Early Hercynian (D2-C1), 2 - Late Hercynian (C2-T 1), 3 - Early Cimmerian (T2-J1), 4 - Late Cimmerian (J 2-K1), 5 - Early Alpine (K2-}3), 6 - Late Alpine (NQ). In D2-C1 magmatism manifested itself in several stages. The earliest of them is alkaline-basalt in the Kaluga-Belsky structure in the north of the anteclise dates to the Eifelian age. The explosive hawkish in the south-east of the region corresponds to the boundary between the Givetian and the Frasnian. At the beginning of the Late Frasnian (Petinsky) time, to a lesser extent at its end (the Evlanov-Livonian), there were outflows of tholeiitic basalts (flow and vent), which formed several fields. Volcanism is associated with mantle sources, as Proterozoic hyperbasites with sulphide copper-nickel mineralization. Exhalative late Hercynian dispersion halo of Ni, Co, and Cu in the sedimentary cover were noted above them. Accessory minerals of diamonds appeared in the basal horizons of the Early Carboniferous period. In the Early Cimmerian era, polymetals were formed in the terrigenous-carbonate formations of the coal system in the border areas of the anteclise and the Dnieper-Donets Depression. Basal horizons J3 and K1 contain small diamonds and their accessory minerals, indicating kimberlite (lamproite) magmatism. A new outbreak of magmatism occurred in the early Alpine era, when hydrothermal processes appeared during the formation of granosyenite protrusion of the Shkurlat granite quarry. Fluids received during its upward movement formed ankeritic metasomatite enriched in barite, oligonite, sphalerite, and other minerals along corallite. The Late Alpine era is characterized by exhalation processes with the formation of ultrathin gold and intermetallic compounds enriched in volatile metals in the sedimentary cover. Conclusions: Endogenous processes superimposed on sedimentary cover rocks have led to the formation of a number of minerals, the prospecting and exploration of which can lead to the discovery of new deposits for the region. Volcanic-sedimentary placers of titanium with an ilmenite content up to the first hundreds kg/m3, basalts for ballast rock debris production and stone casting are associated with Devonian magmatism. Basalts and placers of ilmenite in the south-east of anteclise were found in the strip pits of copper-nickel, graphite deposits and over the domes of granitoids, which opens up the possibility for their comprehensive mining. The value of deposits is increased in strip pits of kaolins, quartz sands, chalk, and brick loam. Hydrothermal processes led to the appearance of polymetal ores in the south-west of the anteclise, where a chain of their manifestations was traced in the zones of development of deep faults. In the Cenozoic, the manifestations of ultrathin gold were associated with escalations in the sedimentary cover. One of manifestations is the Russkaya Zhuravka in the south-east, discovered in the lascentury. However, due to difficulties in metal extraction (7–12%), exploration was not continued. The conducted diamond potential studies make allowed predicting three epochs of kimberlite magmatism - Late Hercynian, Late Cimmerian, and Early Alpine. The most reliable of them is the second. Therefore, kimberlites should first be explored under the Lower Cretaceous deposits.
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References
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