Coupled phenomena of concentration polarization in systems with anion-exchange membranes before and after their participation in electrodialysis of tartrate-containing solutions
Abstract
Objective: Homogeneous anion-exchange membrane ASE and heterogeneous anion-exchange membrane MA-41P were investigated in 20±1 mM NaxH(2-x)T solutions with pH 2.5 and 9.0, where T represents the acid residue of tartaric acid. Optical images and contact angles of membrane surfaces, as well as their current-voltage curves and pH of desalinated solutions, were measured before and after using ASE and MA-41P in electrodialysis.
Experimental results: It was established that in alkaline solution, the patterns of concentration polarization development do not differ from those well-known for strong electrolytes. In acidic solution, the ability of tartrates to participate in protonation-deprotonation reactions causes a 4–5 fold increase in the empirical limiting current compared to the theoretical limiting current calculated within the convective-diffusion model. The mechanisms of tartrate transfer through anion-exchange membranes are considered when the desalinated solution mainly contains tartaric acid molecules.
Conclusions: It is shown that long-term operation (about 50 hours) under intensive current regimes leads to the appearance of numerous caverns on the ASE surface and to an increase in the proportion of ion-exchange material on the MA-41P surface. The surfaces of both membranes become more hydrophobic. Analysis of current-voltage curves suggests that electrochemical degradation of the ASE surface and specific interactions of tartrates with weakly basic fixed groups of both membranes lead to reduced proton generation and affect the development of electroconvection
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