The effect of ultrasonic treatment on the sorption-surface characteristics of birch biochar
Abstract
Interest in biochar as a sorbent for wastewater treatment, including for the extraction of heavy metal ions, is due to its properties: resistance to degradation, large area and significant negative surface charge, the possibility of generating reactive oxygen species under ultraviolet irradiation with the subsequent destruction of organic pollutants.
The purpose of the study was the creation of a sorbent based on birch sawdust as sawmill wood waste as a result of directed physico-chemical modification of biochar, the determination of its characteristics and sorption capacity for copper ions.
According to scanning electron microscopy data, simultaneous activation of birch sawdust carbonizate with KOH and ultrasound for 30 minutes contributed to an increase in the fraction of biochar particles with a size of 20-60 microns and the disappearance of biochar particles larger than 100 microns, an increase in bulk density was noted. An increase in the carbon content in biochar after activation and a decrease in the O/C molar ratio from 0.304 to 0.258 were established using energy dispersive analysis method. IR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of a number of surface oxygen-containing functional groups: hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, quinoid.
The sorption of Cu2+ by modified coal increased by 2.2 times compared with the original birch sawdust carbonizate. Sorption isotherms of copper ions both by the initial and activated biochar were satisfactorily described by the Langmuir equation. Physical and chemical modification of biochar with KOH and ultrasound contributed to an increase in the capacity of the adsorption monolayer and the equilibrium constant. The sorption at pH=5.8 contributed to the deprotonization of oxygen-containing functional groups –COOH and –OH present on the biochar surface, which increased the adsorption of Cu2+ ions.
The formation of Cu-O bond between carboxylate ions and Cu2+ was confirmed by shift at 1200 cm-1, corresponding to the stretching vibrations of the C-O bond in the carboxyl group, to the region of lower frequencies in the IR spectra of biochar samples after sorption. A larger shift was typical for the spectrum of B+KOH+US+CuSO4 sample, which was consistent with an increase in the sorption of copper ions by activated biochar.
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