Acid Retardation Method and its New Variants for the Separation of Components of Complex Solutions (Review)
Abstract
A review article is presented on the Acid Retardation method, which allows the processing of concentrated multicomponent solutions with the separation of salts and acids in nanoporous sorption materials in chemical technology and sample preparation for chemical analyses. Published theoretical and experimental data on separation mechanisms are reviewed. It is shown that the best agreement between theoretical calculations and experimental data occurs for the mechanism, which consists in the fact that concentrated acids in the phase of a sorption material with low dielectric constant form molecules or weakly hydrated ion pairs of small size, which easily penetrate into nanopores and are retained there due to forces molecular sorption. Salts that form more hydrated and weakly bound ion pairs pass through the porous medium without retardation. The reasons for the formation of precipitation in the ion exchanger layer in the case of multicomponent solutions of the sulfate or phosphate type containing iron and alkaline earth metals are analyzed. This effect limits the application of standard cyclic AR processes to systems in which all salts separated from the acid are highly soluble. It is shown that this problem is solved by a new version of the method, which takes into account the regularities of stabilization of supersaturated solutions and colloidal systems in highly porous media. The proposed version involves the use of dilute acid solutions instead of water at the stages of concentrated acid displacement in each AR process cycle. Examples of successful application of the modified AR process for processing industrial solutions with simultaneous production of pure acids and isolation of valuable components are given. A version of the AR method is described in which separation is carried out in a sorption column with two immiscible liquid phases.
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