Dispersions of “smart” polymers
Abstract
The article describes the search for surface-active materials (SAM) acting as dispersion stabilisers for “smart” polymers based on N-vinylcaprolactam. In our study, we obtained stable dispersions that react to variable (repeated) changes, namely in pressure, temperature, pH-medium, buffering capacity, voltage, cur-rent strength, surface tension, conformation of polymer chains, hydrogen, and dispersion bonds, stacking and sweeping concentrations, and moisture absorption. The dispersions were obtained by means of homopoly-merisation of N-vinylcaprolactam and its copolymerisation with 1-vinylimidazole or N,N-Dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate using a high molecular weight polyacrylamide stabiliser modified with sorbitan monostearate, and copolymerisation of acrylamide, acrylic acid, and polysaccharides (starch, pectin, chitosan), etc.
The study determined that stable polymer dispersions of N-vinylcaprolactam by means of hetero-phase polymerization are only possible when a new phase is formed in the form of polymer adsorption layers. In some cases, these layers form micelles and micellar microreactors resulting from supramolecular processes between the functional groups of the monomer, the amide groups of the stabiliser, and the polysaccharide. The presence of supramolecular processes during copolymerisation is proved by the results of transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and IR spectroscopy.
It was demonstrated that the hydrodynamic radii of the polymer dispersion particles of poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) change when heated at a temperature within the set range [(Rh/Rh min) = 1.2-1.0], and the particles remain thermally, electrokinetically, and protolytically sensitive for several months.
We also developed a method for synthesising aggregate stable dispersions of N-vinylcaprolactam and its copolymers with 1-vinylimidazole or N,N-Dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate with a narrow controlled particle size distribution. The synthesis is performed using polyacrylamide modified with sorbitan monos-tearate (RF patent No. 2569377 C1).
The article provides the data concerning the lithography techniques used during the synthesis of “smart” polymers ensuring constant control during the self-assembly of the dispersions. The methods of am-plified electric field, pH-controlled stacking, and ion-selective stacking-sweeping in capillary zone electro-phoresis are effective for separating the cations, anions, and neutral molecules with organic matrices.
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