High-speed HPLC (Brief review)
Abstract
This brief review summarises and discusses the main issues of high-speed liquid chromatography, in particular, the main methods of reducing separation time: UHPLC, surface-porous sorbent chromatography, high-temperature chromatography, and monolithic column chromatography. In all of these methods, the external and internal diffusion paths are shortened in different ways, which speeds up the mass transfer and allows the use of high elution rates. Express methods are used in different HPLC methods: reversed-phase, capillary, polycapillary, hydrophilic, chiral, countercurrent, and affinity. High-speed liquid chromatography is widely used in pharmacokinetics, for drug analysis in pharmaceuticals, for industrial analysis of rapid processes, for quality and safety analysis of food and beverages, and to control environmental contaminants. This type of chromatography is used to separate complex multi-component mixtures: catechins, theaflavins in tea, chlorogenic acids in coffee, polyphenols and flavonoids in vegetables, fruits, and berries, as well as steroids, proteins, and fatty acids in biological fluids. For their detection in high-speed liquid chromatography, the most common detection systems are used: mass spectrometric, diode array, UV, light scattering, fluorescent detectors, and others. The studied compounds were extracted using both conventional methods (solid-phase and liquid-liquid extraction) and microwave and liquid-liquid extraction at high pressure. High-speed HPLC is used to study drug-protein interactions, determine active compounds in tablets, and identify odour components. There is no doubt that high-speed liquid chromatography extends the analytical potential of HPLC in various vital areas, contributing to the advancement of this technique. Ultrafast HPLC requires liquid chromatographs with fast electronics, and some companies have begun to develop such electronics.
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