Substances and the transformations they undergo: basic concepts

Keywords: Substances, Transformation of substances, Thermodynamics, Energy, Work, Chemical reactions, Chemical equilibrium, Spontaneous process, Thermochemistry, Supersaturation

Abstract

We formulated the specific features for the notions of substances and transformation of substances. A substance is a set of interacting particles characterised by the following parameters 1) composition, or the type and ratio of amounts of particles that form the substances, 2) the energy of their interactions, 3) their structure and, finally, 4) the size of particles (dispersion). Transformations of substances occur when these properties change. Such processes are called chemical reactions. To control the transformation of a substance from the thermodynamic point of view, we need to evaluate: 1. The possibility of spontaneous processes (without energy consumption). 2. The thermal effect of the chemical reaction. 3. The equilibrium
composition of the reaction medium.

We solved these problems using a mathematical model based on the improved notions (substance, energy, work, supersaturation) and the known laws of thermodynamics.

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Author Biographies

Vladimir P. Zlomanov, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation

Dr. Sci. (Chem.), Professor,
Department of Inorganic Chemistry of the Faculty of
Chemistry

Pavel E. Kazin, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation

Dr. Sci. (Chem.), Professor,
Department of Inorganic Chemistry of the Faculty of
Chemistry

Alexander V. Yatsenko, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation

Dr. Sci. (Chem.), Professor,
Department of General Chemistry of the Faculty of
Chemistry

References

Zlomanov V. P., Kazin P. E., Yatsenko A. A., Rumyantsev E. V. Brief Dictionary of Basic Chemical Concepts. St. Petersburg: Lan’ Publ.; 2020. 52 p. (In Russ.)

Voronin G. F. Fundamentals of thermodynamics. Moscow: Moscow State University Publ.; 1987. 192 p. (In Russ.)

Eremin V. V., Kargov S. I., Uspenskaya I. A., Kuzmenko N. E., Lunin V. V. Fundamentals of physical chemistry; Textbook Part 1. Theory. 2nd ed. revised and additional. Moscow: BINOM Publ.; 2013. 320 p. (In Russ.)

Gorshkov V. I., Kuznetsov I. A. Fundamentals of physical chemistry. 3rd ed. revised and additional. Moscow: BINOM. Publ.; 2006. 407 p. (In Russ.)

Tamm M. E., Tretyakov Yu. D. Inorganic chemistry. T. 1. Physical and chemical foundations of inorganic chemistry. Moscow: Akademiya Publ.; 2012. 240 p. (In Russ.)

Published
2022-05-30
How to Cite
Zlomanov, V. P., Kazin, P. E., & Yatsenko, A. V. (2022). Substances and the transformations they undergo: basic concepts. Kondensirovannye Sredy I Mezhfaznye Granitsy = Condensed Matter and Interphases, 24(2), 211-219. https://doi.org/10.17308/kcmf.2022.24/9261
Section
Original articles