Селективные ионообменные сорбенты в решении проблемы извлечения цезия из щелочных радиоактивных растворов. Обзор
Аннотация
В данном обзоре рассмотрены работы в области поиска и создания сорбентов для извлечения радиоактивного изотопа цезий-137 из высокоминерализованных сильно щелочных растворов, представляющих собой отходы атомных предприятий. Этот изотоп с периодом полураспада 30.2 лет вносит один из наиболее существенных вкладов в их радиоактивность. Показано, что ключевая роль в извлечении цезия из таких растворов отводится сорбентам фенольного типа, которые обладают способностью обменивать ионы на фенольных группах в щелочных растворах, при этом проявляют высокую селективность к цезию на фоне больших избытков ионов натрия и калия, позволяют
в режиме фильтрации обрабатывать большие потоки раствора, а также количественно и быстро элюировать сконцентрированный цезий небольшим объемом кислоты. Проведено сравнение селективности сорбентов, получаемых конденсацией фенола и двухатомных фенолов с формальдегидом, а также современных материалов, получаемых конденсацией каликсаренов и резорцинаренов с альдегидами. Показано, что последние не проявляют преимуществ в селективности и обладают более низкой химической устойчивостью. Поэтому ключевая роль в решении проблемы извлечения изотопа цезий-137 из растворов щелочного типа отведена материалам на основе
резорцинола. Проанализировано современное состояние проблемы. Объяснена природа повышенной селективности сорбентов фенольного типа к ионам цезия, а также то, что особая «организованность» функциональных группировок каликсареновых и резорцинареновых смол не приводит к увеличению селективности по сравнению с обычными материалами на основе фенола и резорцинола
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Литература
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