The evolution of liquid chromatography from 1903 to 2022
Abstract
During the 120-year history of liquid chromatography (LC), there have been setbacks and triumphs. The first 30 years were a period of ignorance, the technique was nearly abandoned. Nevertheless, some experts recognised the importance of the technique, which explains, for example, the nomination of M.S. Tsvet for the Nobel Prize in 1918. For the next 40 years (1930-1970), LC was widely acknowledged and used in various studies. It was introduced in various countries, including English-speaking states. During those years, new types of LC were developed: thin layer, liquid-liquid, paper, affinity (biospecific), gel permeation, and supercritical fluid LC. However, due to the slow separation, the LC technique was hardly used for analytical purposes. Introduced in 1952, gas chromatography began to develop more rapidly. Within 3 years, a commercial chromatograph was developed, and within 8-10 years gas chromatography became one of the leading techniques for the analysis of mixtures of volatile compounds. However, gas chromatography had difficulties in the analysis of low-volatile compounds with high molecular weight. By that time, the demand for the analysis of such compounds in biochemistry and polymer chemistry had increased. Therefore, LC was brought back to the spotlight. It was obvious that in order to make the technique faster, the external and internal diffusion pathways had to be shortened. In order to achieve this, the use of fine sorbent particles (5-10 μm) was introduced. It resulted in high inlet pressures, which required the development of high pressure pumps and equipment. The first liquid chromatograph was developed only in 1968. The method of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was introduced, using columns with 5 μm grains.
The next 50 years (1970-2020) were a period of rapid development of HPLC: dozens of new liquid chromatographs were developed, new modern HPLC techniques were designed (ultra HPLC, hydrophilic, high temperature, high speed, chiral, and counterflow). Liquid chromatographs are equipped with highly sensitive detection systems, such as mass spectrometry, diode matrix, and coulometric. These detectors allow not only quantitative but also qualitative analysis, i.e., the identification of unknown components in a mixture. Due to this, HPLC can be widely applied in vital areas (medicine, pharmaceutics, ecology, and food) and in pioneering areas: metabolomics, peptidomics, pharmaceutics, doping control, and in forensic chemistry. HPLC is currently the most widely used separation and analysis technique.
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References
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