Загрязнение снега и почв северо-западного побережья озера Байкал
Ключевые слова:
почвы, снег, Байкало-Амурская магистраль, рекреация, побережье озера Байкал
Аннотация
Цель – оценка степени загрязнения снежного и почвенного покрова северо-западного побережья озера Байкал. Материалы и методы. Работа выполнена на основе полевых ландшафтно-геохимических и камеральных аналитических исследований в 2015-2018 годах. На ключевых участках отобраны образцы снега и почв, по стандартным методикам проведены химические и физико-химические анализы в лицензированном Химико-аналитическом центре (ХАЦ) Института географии им. В. Б. Сочавы Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук (ИГ СО РАН). Результаты и обсуждение. Обнаружено повышенное содержание тяжелых (ТМ) и щелочноземельных металлов, SO 42-, NO 3-, NH4+, PO 43- в снеге вблизи населенных пунктов северо-западного побережья Байкала, превышающее фоновые значения. Концентрация NH4, Pb и нефтепродуктов в снеговой воде превышают ПДК и ОДК. Основные антропогенные источники загрязнения окружающей среды: строительные и дорожные предприятия, ТЭЦ, котельные, железнодорожный и автомобильный транспорт, свалки отходов. Источниками загрязнения снеговых вод фосфатами и аммонием являются объекты жилищно-коммунального хозяйств. Выявлено загрязнение почв ТМ в рекреационной зоне и на территории гаражно-садового товарищества, расположенного на побережье озера. Концентрации Cu, Zn, Co в почвах превышают ПДК, что, возможно, связано не только с антропогенными источниками, а также с месторождениями редких металлов. Заключение. Выявленные корреляционные связи между концентрациями макро- и микроэлементов в различных природных средах (снег – почва) говорят об их антропогенном (Ti, V, Co, Ni, Mo), а также природном (Si, Cu, Zn, Al, Cd, Fe, Sr) происхождении. Отсутствие всякой зависимости для Pb, Sr и Mn (почва – снег) подтверждает их антропогенное происхождение. В некоторых случаях (снег – почва – порода) установлено одновременное антропогенное и природное поступление Al, Mo, Si, Mn, Pb, Be, Ni, Zn, Ba, Cr, Cd, Fe, Sr в снеговой и почвенный покров. Вероятность данного процесса убывает от выявленной сильной корреляционной связи до слабой.
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Литература
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38. Regnum. – URL
2. Agrokhimicheskaya kharakteristika pochv sel'skokhozyaystvennykh ugodiy i rekomendatsii po primeneniyu udobreniy v OOO «Bil'chir» Osinskogo rayona Irkutskoy oblasti. Ocherk [Agrochemical characteristics of soils of agricultural lands and recommendations for the use of fertilizers in LLC "Bilchir" of the Osinsky district of the Irkutsk region. Essay] / Butyrin M.V. i dr. Irkutsk: FGBU Tsentr agrokhimicheskoy sluzhby «Irkutskiy», 2009. 29 p. (In Russ.)
3. Alekin O. A., Semenov A. D., Skopintseva B. A. Rukovodstvo po khimicheskomu analizu vod sushi [Guidelines for the chemical analysis of land waters]. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1973. 269 p. (In Russ.)
4. Arinushkina E. V. Rukovodstvo po khimicheskomu analizu pochv [Guidelines for chemical analysis of soils]. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo universiteta, 1970. 487 p. (In Russ.)
5. Baykal. Atlas [Baikal. Atlas]. Moscow: GUK, 1993. 160 p. (In Russ.)
6. Belozertseva I.A., Sorokovoy A. A. Pochvenno-ekologicheskoe rayonirovanie Baykal'skogo regiona (vklyuchaya territoriyu Mongolii) [Soil and ecological zoning of the Baikal region (including the territory of Mongolia)]. Geodeziya i kartografiya, 2018, no. 10, pp. 54-64. (In Russ.)
7. Burlyaeva M. O., Krivenko D. A., Kazanovskiy S. G. Dikie rodichi kul'turnykh rasteniy na territorii Severo-Zapadnogo Pribaykal'ya (po materialam ekspeditsii 2014 goda) [Wild relatives of cultivated plants on the territory of the North-Western Baikal region (based on the materials of the 2014 expedition)]. Trudy po prikladnoy botanike, genetike i selektsii, 2017, no. 178 (4), pp. 5-21.(In Russ.)
8. Vadyunina A. F., Korchagina Z. A. Metody issledovaniya fizicheskikh svoystv pochv [Methods of investigation of physical properties of soils]. Moscow: Agropromizdat, 1986. 416 p. (In Russ.)
9. Geografiya i geneticheskie osobennosti taezhnykh pochv Tsentral'noy zony Baykal'skoy prirodnoy territorii [Geography and genetic features of taiga soils of the Central zone of the Baikal natural Territory] / Ts. Kh. Tsybzhitov, V. M. Korsunov, Ts. Ts. Tsybikdorzhiev i dr. Pochvovedenie, 2006, no. 10, pp. 1165-1177. (In Russ.)
10. Geologo-geofizicheskie, prognozno-metallogenicheskie issledovaniya i perspektivy osvoeniya mineral'nykh resursov Severo-Baykal'skogo rudnogo rayona [Geological-geophysical, predictive-metallogenic studies and prospects for the development of mineral resources of the North Baikal ore region] / I. V. Gordienko, A. N. Bulgatov, M.A. Nefed'ev, D. A. Orsoev.Izvestiya Sibirskogo otdeleniya Sektsii nauk o Zemle RAEN, 2014, no. 2 (45), pp. 5-18. (In Russ.)
11. Geokhimiyaokruzhayushchey sredy Pribaykal'ya. Baykal'skiy geoekologicheskiy poligon [Geochemistry of the environment of the Baikal region. Baikal Geoecological polygon] / V. I. Grebenshchikova, E. E. Lustenberg, N. A. Kitaev, I. S. Lomonosov. Novosibirsk: Akademicheskoe izdatel'stvo “Geo”, 2008. 234 p.(In Russ.)
12. GN 2.1.5.1315-03 “The maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of chemicals in water of water objects of economic and drinking and cultural and community water use”, 2003. – URL
13. GOST 17.4.3.01-83 (ST SEV 3847-82) Okhrana prirody. Pochvy. Obshchie trebovaniya k otboru prob [GOST 17.4.3.01-83 (ST SEV 3847-82) Nature protection. Soil. General sampling requirements]. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo standartov, 1984. 5 p. (In Russ.)
14. GOST 17.1.5.05.85 Okhrana prirody. Gidrosfera. Obshchie trebovaniya k otboru prob poverkhnostnykh i morskikh vod, l'da i atmosfernykh osadkov (dozhd', rosa, sneg, grad, izmoroz') [GOST 17.1.5.05.85 Nature protection. Hydrosphere. General requirements for sampling surface and sea waters, ice and precipitation (rain, dew, snow, hail, frost)]. Moscow: Gosudarstvennyy komitet Rossii po gidrometeorologii i kontrolyu prirodnoy sredy, 1985. 12 p. (In Russ.)
15. GOST 2874-82. Drinking water. Hygienic requirements and control of quality, 1995. – URL
16. Gosudarstvennyy doklad «O sostoyanii i ob okhrane okruzhayushchey sredy Rossiyskoy Federatsii v 2011-2017 godu» [State Report "On the State and Environmental Protection of the Russian Federation in 2011-2017"]. Ministerstvo prirodnykh resursov i ekologii RF, 2018. 888p. (In Russ.)
17. Izmenenie klimata Zabaykal'ya vo vtoroy polovine KhKh veka po dannym nablyudeniy, i ozhidaemye ego izmeneniya v pervoy chetverti XXI veka [Climate change in Transbaikalia in the second half of the twentieth century according to observations, and its expected changes in the first quarter of the XXI century] / A. V. Meshcherskaya V. A. Obyazov, E. G. Bogdanova i dr. Izmenenie klimata tsentral'noy Azii: sotsial'no-ekonomicheskiy i ekologicheskie posledstviya, 2009, v. 559, pp. 32-57. (In Russ.)
18. Karta rastitel'nosti yuga Vostochnoy Sibiri [Vegetation map of the south of Eastern Siberia]. Moscow: GUGK, 1972. 4 l. (In Russ.)
19. Kuz'min V. A. Pochvy kotlovin baykal'skogo tipa [Soils of Baikal-type basins]. Irkutsk: Vostochno-Sibirskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1976. 144 p. (In Russ.)
20. Landshafty yuga Vostochnoy Sibiri. Karta [Landscapes of the south of Eastern Siberia. Map]. Moscow: GUGK, 1977. 4 l. (In Russ.)
21. Mikheeva A. S. Territorial'nye osobennosti antropogennogo vozdeystviya na kachestvo atmosfernogo vozdukha (Respublika Buryatiya) [Territorial features of anthropogenic impact on atmospheric air quality (Republic of Buryatia)]: avtoref. diss. ... kandidata geogr. nauk. Ulan-Ude, 1999. 248 p. (In Russ.)
22. Mikheeva A. S. Zagryaznenie atmosfery [Atmospheric pollution]. Antropogennaya transformatsiya prirodnykh sistem i sotsial'no-ekonomicheskie posledstviya v basseyne reki Selengi, 2012, pp. 124-133. (In Russ.)
23. Nesterova L. A., Polyakova S. D. Zagryaznenie pochv tyazhelymi metallami kak indikator sostoyaniya prirodnoy sredy Tazheranskoy stepi [Pollution of soils with heavy metals as an indicator of the Natural Environment State in the Tazheran steppe]. Vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Geografia. Geoekologia, 2017, no. 2, p. 68-73. (In Russ.)
24. Obolkin V. A., Netsvetaeva O. G., Golobokova L. P. i dr. Rezul'taty mnogoletnikh issledovaniy kislotnykh vypadeniy v rayone Yuzhnogo Baykala [Results of long-term investigations on acid deposition in the Area of South Baikal]. Geografiya i prirodnye resursy, 2013, no 2, рp. 151-157. (In Russ.)
25. Pochvy basseyna oz. Baykal: itogi issledovaniya za 1980-2017 gg. [Soils of the lake basin. Baikal: the results of the study for 1980-2017] / L. L. Ubugunov, V. I. Ubugunova, I. A. Belozertseva i dr. Geografiya i prirodnye resursy, 2018, no. 4, pp. 76-87. (In Russ.)
26. Pochvy Buryatii: raznoobrazie, sistematika i klassifikatsiya [Soils of Buryatia: diversity, systematics and classification] / L. L. Ubugunov, V. I. Ubugunova, N. B. Badmaev i dr. Vestnik Buryatskoy gosudarstvennoy sel'skokhozyaystvennoy akademii im. V.R. Filippova, 2012, no. 2, pp. 45-52. (In Russ.)
27. Pochvy vodookhrannoy zony ozera Baykal i ikh ispol'zovanie [Soils of the water protection zone of Lake Baikal and their use] / I. A. Belozertseva, I. N. Vladimirov, V. I. Ubugunova i dr. Geografiya i prirodnye resursy, 2016, no. 5, pp. 62-71. (In Russ.)
28. Rossiyskaya Gazeta - Federal Issue. – URL
29. Rezanov I. N., Rezanova V. P. Geomorfologicheskoe stroenie poberezh'ya ozera Baykal [Geomorphological structure of the Lake Baikal coast]. Baykal. Priroda i lyudi, 2009, pp. 196-205. (In Russ.)
30. Semenov M. Yu., Semenov Yu. M., Silaev A. V. Issledovanie proiskhozhdeniya mikroelementov v rechnykh vodakh zapadnogo poberezh'ya ozera Baykal [Study of the origin of Microelements in the riverine waters of the west coast of Lake Baikal]. Estestvennye i tekhnicheskie nauki, 2021, no. 1 (152), рp. 76-81. (In Russ.)
31. Solodyankina S. V., Vanteeva Yu. V., Znamenskaya T. I. Eksperimental'nye issledovaniya, modelirovanie i kartografirovanie prirodnykh funktsiy stepnykh landshaftov Pribaykal'ya [Experimental studies, modeling and mapping of natural functions of the steppe landscapes Near Lake Baikal]. Vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seria: Geografia. Geoekologia, 2020, no. 1, pp. 29-38. (In Russ.)
32. Teoriya i praktika khimicheskogo analiza pochv [Theory and practice of chemical analysis of soils] / pod red. L. A. Vorob'eva. Moscow: GEOS, 2006. 399 p. (In Russ.)
33. Trofimova I. E. Tipizatsiya i kartografirovanie klimatov Baykal'skoy gorno-kotlovinnoy sistemy [Typification and mapping of the climates of the Baikal mountain-basin system]. Geografiya i prirodnye resursy, 2002, no. 2, pp. 53-61. (In Russ.)
34. Khatchinson D. R., Gol'mshtok A. Yu., Zonenshayn L. P. Osobennosti stroeniya osadochnoy tolshchi ozera Baykal po rezul'tatam mnogokanal'noy seysmicheskoy s"emki [Features of the structure of the sedimentary strata of Lake Baikal according to the results of multi-channel seismic survey]. Geologiya i geofizika, 1993, no. 10-11, pp. 25-36. (In Russ.)
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38. Regnum. – URL
Опубликован
2023-03-25
Как цитировать
Белозерцева, И. А., Воробьёва, И. Б., & Власова, Н. В. (2023). Загрязнение снега и почв северо-западного побережья озера Байкал. Вестник ВГУ. Серия: География. Геоэкология, (1), 76-92. https://doi.org/10.17308/geo/1609-0683/2023/1/76-92
Выпуск
Раздел
Геоэкология
