Possibilities and peculiarities of spray technologies in organic synthesis

Abstract

Size effects considerably change the state and physicochemical properties of dispersal systems. The peculiarities of chemical processes occurring in small (nano, pico, and femtolitre) volumes are of a great importance for the production technologies of unique materials. The aim of this work was the experimental confirmation of size effects during chemical processes in small volumes and their interpretation based on the concepts of chemical thermodynamics.
The object of the study consisted in reactions of organic synthesis conducted in ensembles of sessile drops formed by aqueous solutions of organic compounds with the participation of a gaseous medium. The methods of optical microscopy with digital image processing were used for observation. The experiments definitely demonstrate the influence of geometric parameters (radius, contact angle) on the kinetics of phase and chemical transformations in polydisperse ensembles of sessile drops of organic and aqueous-organic mixtures interacting with volatile reagents in a gaseous medium. These features are manifested in the kinetics of changes in the size of drops as well as in the morphology of products obtained
by their evaporation.
The interpretation of size effects in the framework of equilibrium chemical thermodynamics explains the shifts in chemical equilibrium and changes in the reaction rate. The equilibrium conditions arising in drops of different volumes during mass transfer with the gas phase were described. It is stated that the most important factor in the processes of organic synthesis using spray technologies is the high surface activity of organic substances. Comprehension and practical application of these peculiarities allows adjusting the reaction rate, improving the mutual solubility of partially miscible reagents, and affecting the composition and properties of the final product

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