Investigation of some biological and sorption characteristics of soil mycotoxins
Abstract
Microscopic fungi account for up to 50% of the total microbial biomass in chernozem soils, and some species exhibit toxic properties. According to their structure, mycotoxins belong to different classes of chemical compounds, and toxins such as antibiotics, phytotoxins, and zootoxins are distinguished by their spectrum of action. The question of the effect of micromycetes on plants through their formation of mycotoxins in the soil remains poorly understood. In this regard, the study of the synthesis of phytotoxic mycotoxins by soil micromycetes, the preservation of toxins in the soil and their role in the soil – micromycete – plant system is of considerable scientific and practical interest.
The soil is not a simple solid sorbent with a specific sorption capacity, it is a dynamic system. Its sorption properties are determined by mineral and organic components and can undergo significant changes. This not only imposes certain difficulties in studying the fixation of toxins in soils, but also creates the possibility of reducing the activity of toxins by fixing toxins in the humus matrix.
All the micromycete species typical of chernozems studied release mycotoxins with phytotoxic effects into the medium, the activity of which was manifested directly in the soil. According to the degree of toxicity, the spectrum of biological action, the strength of soil sorption and the rate of biodegradation of mycotoxins, micromycetes were divided into three groups. Mycotoxins of the fungi of the first group Gliocladium virens and Rhizopus stolonifer have a slightly toxic effect on a narrow range of plants and are rapidly destroyed in the soil. Species of the second group Penicillium daleae, Aspergillus ustus, Trichoderma harzianum can significantly inhibit the development of a number of plants, but they act for a short time, their toxins are poorly absorbed by the soil-absorbing complex (PPK) of chernozems and are quickly consumed by the soil microflora. Micromycetes of the third group of species synthesize mycotoxins that are highly toxic to a wide range of plants, which persist in the soil for a long time and are poorly biodegradable. At the same time, the mechanisms of interaction with PPK turned out to be different: mycotoxins P. rubrum and P. funiculosum practically does not bind, and the mycotoxins A. clavatus, Fusarium solani and Talaromyces flavus are sorbed by ACC with increasing activity.
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